I will be posting links to our recent findings as soon as they are published online.
http://www.forskningsradet.no/no/Nyheter/Stamcelleforskning_kan_lose_kreftgaten/1253961224567?WT.mc_id=nyhetsbrev-ForskningsradetNorsk
tirsdag 17. august 2010
CAST attacks cancer stem cells
Here is a link (Norwegian) to a recent article in on the group I am working in (CAST). We are working on ways to attack cancer by killing cancer stem cells (CSCs). Roughly, you can compare it to killing the seeds of an ugly plant so it doesn´t spread.
I will be posting links to our recent findings as soon as they are published online.
http://www.forskningsradet.no/no/Nyheter/Stamcelleforskning_kan_lose_kreftgaten/1253961224567?WT.mc_id=nyhetsbrev-ForskningsradetNorsk
I will be posting links to our recent findings as soon as they are published online.
http://www.forskningsradet.no/no/Nyheter/Stamcelleforskning_kan_lose_kreftgaten/1253961224567?WT.mc_id=nyhetsbrev-ForskningsradetNorsk
tirsdag 10. august 2010
The Fenton and sono-Fenton processes applied for pesticide degradation.
Iordache I, Wilson SR, Lundanes E, Iordache M, Pavel VL, Aelenei N.
Env Engin Man Journ. 2010 April; 9 (4): 519-525
In this study, the authors explore the potential of ultrasound and wet catalyzed peroxide oxidation into the wastewater treatment processes. The processes applied for degradation of pesticides were carried out using Fenton reagent and sonochemical treatment. The Fenton and the sono-Fenton decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4 DB), 4-chloro-o-tolyoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 3,5-dibromo-4-hidroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil), and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-
dimethylurea (monuron) showed that, in all cases ultrasound irradiation of wastewater improved the wet oxidation process.
Env Engin Man Journ. 2010 April; 9 (4): 519-525
In this study, the authors explore the potential of ultrasound and wet catalyzed peroxide oxidation into the wastewater treatment processes. The processes applied for degradation of pesticides were carried out using Fenton reagent and sonochemical treatment. The Fenton and the sono-Fenton decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4 DB), 4-chloro-o-tolyoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 3,5-dibromo-4-hidroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil), and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-
dimethylurea (monuron) showed that, in all cases ultrasound irradiation of wastewater improved the wet oxidation process.
Hedgehog antogonists cyclopamine and dihydroveratramine can be mistaken for each other in Veratrum Album.
Wilson SR, Strand MF, Rise F, Malterud KE, Krauss S
J. Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Volume 53, Issue 3, Nov 2; 53 (3): 497-502
A toxic plant, Veratrum album (ssp. viriscens), was found to have an inhibitory effect on Hedgehog (Hh), a developmental signaling pathway that has been shown to be active during development, in adult stem cells and in numerous human tumors. Based on earlier studies it was believed that the known Hh inhibitor cyclopamine was present in V. album (ssp. viriscens). Here we show that instead of cyclopamine, dihydroveratramine (DHV) was found in V. album (ssp. viriscens). These compounds are easily mistaken for each other, as both substances share the same molecular weight, and the same main MS/MS fragments. DHV was found to be a less potent Hh inhibitor compared to cyclopamine. This is the first reported occurrence of DVH in nature.
J. Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Volume 53, Issue 3, Nov 2; 53 (3): 497-502
A toxic plant, Veratrum album (ssp. viriscens), was found to have an inhibitory effect on Hedgehog (Hh), a developmental signaling pathway that has been shown to be active during development, in adult stem cells and in numerous human tumors. Based on earlier studies it was believed that the known Hh inhibitor cyclopamine was present in V. album (ssp. viriscens). Here we show that instead of cyclopamine, dihydroveratramine (DHV) was found in V. album (ssp. viriscens). These compounds are easily mistaken for each other, as both substances share the same molecular weight, and the same main MS/MS fragments. DHV was found to be a less potent Hh inhibitor compared to cyclopamine. This is the first reported occurrence of DVH in nature.
Separation of intact proteins on porous layer open tubular (PLOT) columns.
Magnus Rogeberg, Steven Ray Wilson, Tyge Greibrokk and Elsa Lundanes
Journal of Chromatography A
Volume 1217, Issue 17, 23 April 2010, Pages 2782-2786
Porous layer open tubular (PLOT) polystyrene divinylbenzene columns have been used for separating intact proteins with gradient elution. The 10 microm I.D. x 3 m columns were easily coupled to standard liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instrumentation with commercially available fittings. Standard proteins separated on PLOT columns appeared as narrow and symmetrical peaks with good resolution. Average peak width increased linearly with gradient time (tG) from 0.14 to 0.33 min (tG 20 and 120 min, respectively) using a 3 m column. With shorter columns, peak widths were larger and increased more steeply with gradient time. Theoretical peak capacity (nc) increased with column length (tested up to 3 m). The nc increased with tG until a plateau was reached. The highest peak capacity achieved (nc=185) was obtained with a 3 m column, where a plateau was reached with tG 90 min. The within- and between column retention time repeatabilities were below 0.6% and below 2.5% (relative standard deviation, RSD), respectively. The carry-over following injection of 0.5 ng per protein was less than 1.1%. The retention time dependence on column temperature was investigated in the range 20-50 degrees C. Proteins in a skimmed milk sample were separated using the method.
Journal of Chromatography A
Volume 1217, Issue 17, 23 April 2010, Pages 2782-2786
Porous layer open tubular (PLOT) polystyrene divinylbenzene columns have been used for separating intact proteins with gradient elution. The 10 microm I.D. x 3 m columns were easily coupled to standard liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instrumentation with commercially available fittings. Standard proteins separated on PLOT columns appeared as narrow and symmetrical peaks with good resolution. Average peak width increased linearly with gradient time (tG) from 0.14 to 0.33 min (tG 20 and 120 min, respectively) using a 3 m column. With shorter columns, peak widths were larger and increased more steeply with gradient time. Theoretical peak capacity (nc) increased with column length (tested up to 3 m). The nc increased with tG until a plateau was reached. The highest peak capacity achieved (nc=185) was obtained with a 3 m column, where a plateau was reached with tG 90 min. The within- and between column retention time repeatabilities were below 0.6% and below 2.5% (relative standard deviation, RSD), respectively. The carry-over following injection of 0.5 ng per protein was less than 1.1%. The retention time dependence on column temperature was investigated in the range 20-50 degrees C. Proteins in a skimmed milk sample were separated using the method.
Hedgehog antagonist cyclopamine isomerizes to less potent forms when acidified.
Wilson SR, Strand MF, Krapp A, Rise F, Petersen D, Krauss S.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Sep 5;52(5):707-13.
The effect of acid treatment of cyclopamine, a natural antagonist of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and a potential anti-cancer drug, has been studied. Previous reports have shown that under acidic conditions, as in the stomach, cyclopamine is less effective. Also, it has been stated that cyclopamine converts to veratramine, which has side effects such as hemolysis. In this study, we examined in detail the influence of acidification on structure and activity of cyclopamine. We found that of acidified cyclopamine converts to two previously unreported isomers, which we have called cyclopamine (S) and cyclopamine (X). These have likely gone undetected because cyclopamine is often analyzed with fast and hence lower resolving chromatographic methods. Compared to natural cyclopamine, these cyclopamine isomers have a significantly reduced effect on the ciliary transport of the Hh receptor smoothened, and reduced inhibition on the Hedgehog signaling pathway. The side effects of these isomers are unknown. Our findings can partly explain a reduced efficiency of cyclopamine in a gastric environment, and may help with the rational design of more pH independent cyclopamine analogues.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Sep 5;52(5):707-13.
The effect of acid treatment of cyclopamine, a natural antagonist of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and a potential anti-cancer drug, has been studied. Previous reports have shown that under acidic conditions, as in the stomach, cyclopamine is less effective. Also, it has been stated that cyclopamine converts to veratramine, which has side effects such as hemolysis. In this study, we examined in detail the influence of acidification on structure and activity of cyclopamine. We found that of acidified cyclopamine converts to two previously unreported isomers, which we have called cyclopamine (S) and cyclopamine (X). These have likely gone undetected because cyclopamine is often analyzed with fast and hence lower resolving chromatographic methods. Compared to natural cyclopamine, these cyclopamine isomers have a significantly reduced effect on the ciliary transport of the Hh receptor smoothened, and reduced inhibition on the Hedgehog signaling pathway. The side effects of these isomers are unknown. Our findings can partly explain a reduced efficiency of cyclopamine in a gastric environment, and may help with the rational design of more pH independent cyclopamine analogues.
Improving the resolution of neuropeptides in rat brain with on-line HILIC-RP compared to on-line SCX-RP.
Mihailova A, Malerød H, Wilson SR, Karaszewski B, Hauser R, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T.
J Sep Sci. 2008 Feb;31(3):459-67.
Our two already established on-line 2-D LC systems, a strong cation exchange-RP chromatography (SCX-RP) system and a hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC)-RP 2-D LC system, were compared to explore which system is best suited for our further studies of differences in cerebral neuropeptide expression as a function of hypoxia-caused stress. The same mass spectrometer and database search parameters were applied in both systems. In total, 19 first dimension fractions were collected with the novel on-line HILIC-RP system, including a Hypercarb SPE column that was applied to trap the compounds not retained on a Kromasil C18 enrichment column. In contrast, six fractions were collected in the SCX-RP method, due to practical limitations of this traditional on-line 2-D LC system. With the on-line HILIC-RP system three times more peaks were detected. It was observed that most of the compounds eluted in the first two fractions in the SCX-RP method, while in the 2-D HILIC-RP method there seemed to be no correlation between peaks detected and fraction number. Thus, from this systematic study it seems that on-line HILIC-RP chromatography is the method of choice for comparative peptidomics of cerebral neuropeptides in future studies.
J Sep Sci. 2008 Feb;31(3):459-67.
Our two already established on-line 2-D LC systems, a strong cation exchange-RP chromatography (SCX-RP) system and a hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC)-RP 2-D LC system, were compared to explore which system is best suited for our further studies of differences in cerebral neuropeptide expression as a function of hypoxia-caused stress. The same mass spectrometer and database search parameters were applied in both systems. In total, 19 first dimension fractions were collected with the novel on-line HILIC-RP system, including a Hypercarb SPE column that was applied to trap the compounds not retained on a Kromasil C18 enrichment column. In contrast, six fractions were collected in the SCX-RP method, due to practical limitations of this traditional on-line 2-D LC system. With the on-line HILIC-RP system three times more peaks were detected. It was observed that most of the compounds eluted in the first two fractions in the SCX-RP method, while in the 2-D HILIC-RP method there seemed to be no correlation between peaks detected and fraction number. Thus, from this systematic study it seems that on-line HILIC-RP chromatography is the method of choice for comparative peptidomics of cerebral neuropeptides in future studies.
2D LC Separation and Determination of Bradykinin in Rat Muscle Tissue Dialysate with On-Line SPE-HILIC-SPE-RP-MS.
Steven Ray Wilson, Mikolai Jankowski, Milaim Pepaj, Albena Mihailova, Fernando Boix, Gabriel Vivo Truyols, Elsa Lundanes and Tyge Greibrokk
Chromatographia, Volume 66, Numbers 7-8, 469-474.
A 2D liquid chromatography (LC) system using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase columns has been employed for comprehensive (LC × LC) separation of rat muscle tissue micro-dialysate. Incorporation of an on-line reverse-phase solid phase extraction (SPE) enrichment column in front of the first dimension enabled aqueous samples with high salt concentrations to be injected directly without compromising the chromatographic performance of the HILIC column. Since the SPE enrichment column allowed injection of large sample volumes (e.g. 450 μL), a capillary HILIC column (inner diameter 0.3 mm) could be employed instead of a larger column which is often used in the first dimension to load sufficient amounts of sample. The two chromatographic dimensions were connected using a column selector system with 18, 1.0 mm I.D. C18 “transition” SPE columns. A PLRP C18 column was used in the second dimension. The 2D LC system’s performance was evaluated with a tryptic digest mixture of three model proteins. Good trapping accuracy (HILIC→transition SPE→RP recovery >95%) and repeatability (within-and between day retention time RSDs of first and second dimension chromatography >1%) was achieved. A dialysis sample of rat muscle tissue was separated with the 2D system, revealing complexity and large differences in concentrations of the various compounds present, factors which could potentially interfere with the quantification and monitoring of two target analytes, arg-bradykinin and bradykinin. Subsequently, “Heart-cut” 2D LC-electrospray–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) with post-column on-line standard injection was employed to monitor arg-bradykinin and bradykinin levels as a function of various muscle conditions. The method’s quantification precision was RSD = 3.4% for bradykinin.
Chromatographia, Volume 66, Numbers 7-8, 469-474.
A 2D liquid chromatography (LC) system using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase columns has been employed for comprehensive (LC × LC) separation of rat muscle tissue micro-dialysate. Incorporation of an on-line reverse-phase solid phase extraction (SPE) enrichment column in front of the first dimension enabled aqueous samples with high salt concentrations to be injected directly without compromising the chromatographic performance of the HILIC column. Since the SPE enrichment column allowed injection of large sample volumes (e.g. 450 μL), a capillary HILIC column (inner diameter 0.3 mm) could be employed instead of a larger column which is often used in the first dimension to load sufficient amounts of sample. The two chromatographic dimensions were connected using a column selector system with 18, 1.0 mm I.D. C18 “transition” SPE columns. A PLRP C18 column was used in the second dimension. The 2D LC system’s performance was evaluated with a tryptic digest mixture of three model proteins. Good trapping accuracy (HILIC→transition SPE→RP recovery >95%) and repeatability (within-and between day retention time RSDs of first and second dimension chromatography >1%) was achieved. A dialysis sample of rat muscle tissue was separated with the 2D system, revealing complexity and large differences in concentrations of the various compounds present, factors which could potentially interfere with the quantification and monitoring of two target analytes, arg-bradykinin and bradykinin. Subsequently, “Heart-cut” 2D LC-electrospray–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) with post-column on-line standard injection was employed to monitor arg-bradykinin and bradykinin levels as a function of various muscle conditions. The method’s quantification precision was RSD = 3.4% for bradykinin.
Identification of major metal complexing compounds in Blepharis aspera.
Mmatli EE, Malerød H, Wilson SR, Abegaz B, Greibrokk T, Lundanes E, Malterud KE, Petersen D, Rise F.
Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Jul 30;597(1):24-31. Epub 2007 Jun 27.
Verbascoside and isoverbascoside, present at 0.7% and 0.2% (w/w dryweight), were identified to be major compounds that could contribute to the metal complexation in Blepharis aspera collected in Botswana, Africa. The metallophyte B. aspera has high ability to cope with a high level of metal accumulation. The presence of metal complexing compounds and/or antioxidants can prevent oxidative reactions in lipids, proteins and DNA that take place due to the metal accumulation. On-line liquid chromatography-solid phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-SPE-NMR) was applied for the identification, while electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV-vis spectroscopy was used to assess whether these compounds can complex with metals. It was found that verbascoside and isoverbascoside may form complexes with nickel, iron (verbascoside only) and copper. Thus, the presence of verbascoside and isoverbascoside can explain the survival of B. aspera in mineral-rich areas.
Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Jul 30;597(1):24-31. Epub 2007 Jun 27.
Verbascoside and isoverbascoside, present at 0.7% and 0.2% (w/w dryweight), were identified to be major compounds that could contribute to the metal complexation in Blepharis aspera collected in Botswana, Africa. The metallophyte B. aspera has high ability to cope with a high level of metal accumulation. The presence of metal complexing compounds and/or antioxidants can prevent oxidative reactions in lipids, proteins and DNA that take place due to the metal accumulation. On-line liquid chromatography-solid phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-SPE-NMR) was applied for the identification, while electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV-vis spectroscopy was used to assess whether these compounds can complex with metals. It was found that verbascoside and isoverbascoside may form complexes with nickel, iron (verbascoside only) and copper. Thus, the presence of verbascoside and isoverbascoside can explain the survival of B. aspera in mineral-rich areas.
On-line SPE-Nano-LC-Nanospray-MS for rapid and sensitive determination of PFOA and PFOS in river water.
Wilson SR, Malerød H, Holm A, Molander P, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T.
J Chromatogr Sci. 2007 Mar;45(3):146-52.
An instrumental set up including on-line solid-phase extraction, nano-liquid chromatography, and nanospray mass spectrometry is constructed to improve the sensitivity for quantitation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in surface water. Sample volumes of 1000 microL are loaded onto a microbore 1.0-mm i.d. x 5 mm, 5 microm Kromasil C(18) enrichment column by a carrier solution consisting of 10mM ammonium acetate in acetonitrile-water (10:90, v/v) at a flow rate of 250 microL/min, providing on-line analyte enrichment and sample clean-up. Backflushed elution onto a 0.1-mm i.d. x 150 mm, 3.5 microm Kromasil C(18) analytical column is conducted using an acetonitrile-10mM ammonium acetate solvent gradient from 30% to 70% acetonitrile. Water samples are added with internal standard (perfluoroheptanoic acid) and filtrated prior to injection. The mass limits of detection of PFOA and PFOS are 0.5 and 1 pg, respectively, corresponding to concentration limits of detection of 500 pg/L and 1 ng/L, respectively. The total time spent on sample preparation, chromatography, and detection is approximately 12 min per sample. The method was employed for the determination of PFOS and PFOA in urban river water.
J Chromatogr Sci. 2007 Mar;45(3):146-52.
An instrumental set up including on-line solid-phase extraction, nano-liquid chromatography, and nanospray mass spectrometry is constructed to improve the sensitivity for quantitation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in surface water. Sample volumes of 1000 microL are loaded onto a microbore 1.0-mm i.d. x 5 mm, 5 microm Kromasil C(18) enrichment column by a carrier solution consisting of 10mM ammonium acetate in acetonitrile-water (10:90, v/v) at a flow rate of 250 microL/min, providing on-line analyte enrichment and sample clean-up. Backflushed elution onto a 0.1-mm i.d. x 150 mm, 3.5 microm Kromasil C(18) analytical column is conducted using an acetonitrile-10mM ammonium acetate solvent gradient from 30% to 70% acetonitrile. Water samples are added with internal standard (perfluoroheptanoic acid) and filtrated prior to injection. The mass limits of detection of PFOA and PFOS are 0.5 and 1 pg, respectively, corresponding to concentration limits of detection of 500 pg/L and 1 ng/L, respectively. The total time spent on sample preparation, chromatography, and detection is approximately 12 min per sample. The method was employed for the determination of PFOS and PFOA in urban river water.
An alternative multiple-trapping LC-SPE-NMR system.
Wilson SR, Malerød H, Petersen D, Rise F, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T.
J Sep Sci. 2007 Feb;30(3):322-8.
In this paper, we describe approaches that make RP LC-SPE-NMR simpler, and in our opinion, result in more reliable methods for trapping and subsequent transfer of separated trace-level compounds to the NMR. An SPE unit based on a commercially available, low dead-volume 10 port high-pressure column selector gives the possibility of trapping compounds on nine individual SPEs that have standard fittings. This allows the operator to employ specific stationary phases that are not available as SPEs in commercially available LC-SPE-NMR systems. Multiple trappings of small compounds like monuron, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylurea, and 4-chlorophenylurea were easily performed employing a porous-carbon SPE material. The system was optimized to elute the SPE-trapped compounds to the NMR probes in as small a volume as possible using back-flushing. The proper match of NMR probe volume and SPE column inner diameter and elution volume was discussed, as well as the necessity of drying loaded SPEs prior to NMR transfer when using porous-carbon SPE material.
J Sep Sci. 2007 Feb;30(3):322-8.
In this paper, we describe approaches that make RP LC-SPE-NMR simpler, and in our opinion, result in more reliable methods for trapping and subsequent transfer of separated trace-level compounds to the NMR. An SPE unit based on a commercially available, low dead-volume 10 port high-pressure column selector gives the possibility of trapping compounds on nine individual SPEs that have standard fittings. This allows the operator to employ specific stationary phases that are not available as SPEs in commercially available LC-SPE-NMR systems. Multiple trappings of small compounds like monuron, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylurea, and 4-chlorophenylurea were easily performed employing a porous-carbon SPE material. The system was optimized to elute the SPE-trapped compounds to the NMR probes in as small a volume as possible using back-flushing. The proper match of NMR probe volume and SPE column inner diameter and elution volume was discussed, as well as the necessity of drying loaded SPEs prior to NMR transfer when using porous-carbon SPE material.
Comparison of Fenton and sono-Fenton bisphenol A degradation.
Iordache Ioana,Steven Wilson, Elsa Lundanes and Aelenei Neculaic
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Volume 142, Issues 1-2, 2 April 2007, Pages 559-563
Degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was carried out with the Fenton reagent with and without additional sonochemical treatment. The Fenton and the sono-Fenton decomposition of BPA showed that ultrasound irradiation of wastewater improved the wet oxidation process of 25 mg l−1 BPA solutions.
The sonochemical degradation of BPA was monitored using UV absorption and large volume injection packed capillary LC measurements.
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Volume 142, Issues 1-2, 2 April 2007, Pages 559-563
Degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was carried out with the Fenton reagent with and without additional sonochemical treatment. The Fenton and the sono-Fenton decomposition of BPA showed that ultrasound irradiation of wastewater improved the wet oxidation process of 25 mg l−1 BPA solutions.
The sonochemical degradation of BPA was monitored using UV absorption and large volume injection packed capillary LC measurements.
Determination of Oxomemazine in Human Plasma by Capillary LC-ESI-MS.
A. L. Saber; M. A. F. Elmosallamy; S. R. Wilson; E. Lundanes; T. Greibrokk
Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, Volume 30, Issue 3 January 2007 , pages 393 - 403
A method based on on-line solid phased extraction capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SPE-capLC-ESI-MS) has been developed for the determination of oxomemazine in human plasma. Prior to injection, 0.5 mL of plasma spiked with metronidazole (internal standard) was mixed with ammonium formate buffer and methyl orange, which served as an ion pair reagent for effective chloroform liquid-liquid extraction. The employment of methyl orange as an ion pair reagent doubled the extraction efficiency, as compared to not using methyl orange. In preliminary experiments, conventional LC-UV instrumentation was employed. However, it was found that employing a capillary column with an inner diameter of 0.3 mm increased the sensitivity by a factor of ∼100, when injecting the same mass of analyte. Incorporating an easily automated reversed phase column switching system with SPE made it possible to inject up to 100 µL of solution, and the total analysis time was 5 minutes. The method was validated in the range 3 to 30 ng/mL oxomemazine, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (r2). The within-assay and between-assay precisions were between 6.7 and 12% and 6.8 and 7.4%, respectively. The method was used to determine the amount of oxomemazine in a healthy female 20 hours after an intake of 1 teaspoon (approximately 1 mL) of the cough syrup Toplexil®, which contains 0.033 g oxomemazine per 100 mL syrup. Oxomemazine was detected, and the concentration was calculated to 2.0 ng/mL plasma.
Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, Volume 30, Issue 3 January 2007 , pages 393 - 403
A method based on on-line solid phased extraction capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SPE-capLC-ESI-MS) has been developed for the determination of oxomemazine in human plasma. Prior to injection, 0.5 mL of plasma spiked with metronidazole (internal standard) was mixed with ammonium formate buffer and methyl orange, which served as an ion pair reagent for effective chloroform liquid-liquid extraction. The employment of methyl orange as an ion pair reagent doubled the extraction efficiency, as compared to not using methyl orange. In preliminary experiments, conventional LC-UV instrumentation was employed. However, it was found that employing a capillary column with an inner diameter of 0.3 mm increased the sensitivity by a factor of ∼100, when injecting the same mass of analyte. Incorporating an easily automated reversed phase column switching system with SPE made it possible to inject up to 100 µL of solution, and the total analysis time was 5 minutes. The method was validated in the range 3 to 30 ng/mL oxomemazine, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (r2). The within-assay and between-assay precisions were between 6.7 and 12% and 6.8 and 7.4%, respectively. The method was used to determine the amount of oxomemazine in a healthy female 20 hours after an intake of 1 teaspoon (approximately 1 mL) of the cough syrup Toplexil®, which contains 0.033 g oxomemazine per 100 mL syrup. Oxomemazine was detected, and the concentration was calculated to 2.0 ng/mL plasma.
Two-dimensional capillary liquid chromatography: pH gradient ion exchange and reversed phase chromatography for rapid separation of proteins.
Pepaj M, Wilson SR, Novotna K, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T
J Chromatogr A. 2006 Jul 7;1120(1-2):132-41
In the present work, an orthogonal two-dimensional (2D) capillary liquid chromatography (LC) method for fractionation and separation of proteins using wide range pH gradient ion exchange chromatography (IEC) in the first dimension and reversed phase (RP) in the second dimension, is demonstrated. In the first dimension a strong anion exchange (SAX) column subjected to a wide range (10.5-3.5) descending pH gradient was employed, while in the second dimension, a large pore (4,000 A) polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) RP analytical column was used for separation of the protein pH-fractions from the first dimension. The separation power of the off-line 2D method was demonstrated by fractionation and separation of human plasma proteins. Seventeen pH-fractions were manually collected and immediately separated in the second dimension using a column switching capillary RP-LC system. Totally, more than 200 protein peaks were observed in the RP chromatograms of the pH-fractions. On-line 2D analysis was performed for fractionation and separation of ten standard proteins. Two pH-fractions (basic and acidic) from the first dimension were trapped on PS-DVB RP trap columns prior to back-flushed elution onto the analytical RP column for fast separation of the proteins with UV/MS detection.
J Chromatogr A. 2006 Jul 7;1120(1-2):132-41
In the present work, an orthogonal two-dimensional (2D) capillary liquid chromatography (LC) method for fractionation and separation of proteins using wide range pH gradient ion exchange chromatography (IEC) in the first dimension and reversed phase (RP) in the second dimension, is demonstrated. In the first dimension a strong anion exchange (SAX) column subjected to a wide range (10.5-3.5) descending pH gradient was employed, while in the second dimension, a large pore (4,000 A) polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) RP analytical column was used for separation of the protein pH-fractions from the first dimension. The separation power of the off-line 2D method was demonstrated by fractionation and separation of human plasma proteins. Seventeen pH-fractions were manually collected and immediately separated in the second dimension using a column switching capillary RP-LC system. Totally, more than 200 protein peaks were observed in the RP chromatograms of the pH-fractions. On-line 2D analysis was performed for fractionation and separation of ten standard proteins. Two pH-fractions (basic and acidic) from the first dimension were trapped on PS-DVB RP trap columns prior to back-flushed elution onto the analytical RP column for fast separation of the proteins with UV/MS detection.
Controlling LC-SPE-NMR systems.
Wilson SR, Malerød H, Petersen D, Simic N, Bobu MM, Rise F, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T
J Sep Sci. 2006 Mar;29(4):582-9.
There are several stages of the LC-SPE-NMR process that should be monitored closely to ensure an efficient isolation and concentration of the target analyte, for instance analyte break-through and compound transfer from the LC-SPE to the NMR probe. In this study, analyte break-through monitoring was performed with a UV detector and a mass spectrometer placed after the SPE unit. Easy break-through was a problem when attempting multiple trapping of various compounds using C18 SPE cartridges with the original commercial system. However, on lowering the flow rate over the SPE system and using SPE cartridges packed with porous carbon, the number of trappings possible increased five-fold. To increase control over the on-line SPE-NMR transfer, a gradient pump-UV system was used to elute compounds trapped on an SPE to an NMR probe. The analyte band was placed in the active volume of the probe by a stop-flow mechanism. The modified LC-SPE system was also coupled with off-line NMR analysis for determination of a degradation product of the insecticide monuron, present in the low ppm range.
J Sep Sci. 2006 Mar;29(4):582-9.
There are several stages of the LC-SPE-NMR process that should be monitored closely to ensure an efficient isolation and concentration of the target analyte, for instance analyte break-through and compound transfer from the LC-SPE to the NMR probe. In this study, analyte break-through monitoring was performed with a UV detector and a mass spectrometer placed after the SPE unit. Easy break-through was a problem when attempting multiple trapping of various compounds using C18 SPE cartridges with the original commercial system. However, on lowering the flow rate over the SPE system and using SPE cartridges packed with porous carbon, the number of trappings possible increased five-fold. To increase control over the on-line SPE-NMR transfer, a gradient pump-UV system was used to elute compounds trapped on an SPE to an NMR probe. The analyte band was placed in the active volume of the probe by a stop-flow mechanism. The modified LC-SPE system was also coupled with off-line NMR analysis for determination of a degradation product of the insecticide monuron, present in the low ppm range.
Determination of bradykinin and arg-bradykinin in rat muscle tissue by microdialysis and capillary column-switching liquid chromatography with mass sp
Wilson SR, Boix F, Holm A, Molander P, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T.
J Sep Sci. 2005 Sep;28(14):1751-8.
Quantification of bradykinin peptides in limited amounts of rat muscle tissue dialysate has been performed using a packed capillary LC-ESI-TOF-MS method. The micro dialysate samples (450 microL) with added internal standard were loaded onto a 1 mm x 5 mm loading column packed with 5 microm Kromasil C18 particles by a carrier solution of 0.1% formic acid in ACN/water (5:95, v/v) at a flow rate of 250 microL/min for online preconcentration of the analytes. Back-flushed elution onto a 150 mm x 0.5 mm Zorbax C18 column packed with 5 microm particles was conducted using a linear solvent ACN/H2O gradient containing 0.1% formic acid. (Tyr8)-bradykinin was used as an internal standard and was added to the dialysis sample prior to injection. Baseline separation of bradykinin, arg-bradykinin and (tyr8)-bradykinin was achieved within 10 min. Positive ESI was performed in the m/z range of 200-1300. The method was validated in the range 0.2-1.0 ng/mL dialysate, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.995 and 0.990 for bradykinin and arg-bradykinin, respectively. The within-assay and between-assay precisions were between 4.3-9.6% and 6.2-10.6%, respectively. Both arg-bradykinin and bradykinin were detected in dialysate from rat muscle tissue, at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.4 ng/mL for bradykinin and arg-bradykinin, respectively, confirming the presence of arg-bradykinin in rat muscles.
J Sep Sci. 2005 Sep;28(14):1751-8.
Quantification of bradykinin peptides in limited amounts of rat muscle tissue dialysate has been performed using a packed capillary LC-ESI-TOF-MS method. The micro dialysate samples (450 microL) with added internal standard were loaded onto a 1 mm x 5 mm loading column packed with 5 microm Kromasil C18 particles by a carrier solution of 0.1% formic acid in ACN/water (5:95, v/v) at a flow rate of 250 microL/min for online preconcentration of the analytes. Back-flushed elution onto a 150 mm x 0.5 mm Zorbax C18 column packed with 5 microm particles was conducted using a linear solvent ACN/H2O gradient containing 0.1% formic acid. (Tyr8)-bradykinin was used as an internal standard and was added to the dialysis sample prior to injection. Baseline separation of bradykinin, arg-bradykinin and (tyr8)-bradykinin was achieved within 10 min. Positive ESI was performed in the m/z range of 200-1300. The method was validated in the range 0.2-1.0 ng/mL dialysate, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.995 and 0.990 for bradykinin and arg-bradykinin, respectively. The within-assay and between-assay precisions were between 4.3-9.6% and 6.2-10.6%, respectively. Both arg-bradykinin and bradykinin were detected in dialysate from rat muscle tissue, at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.4 ng/mL for bradykinin and arg-bradykinin, respectively, confirming the presence of arg-bradykinin in rat muscles.
Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in human plasma by large volume injection capillary column switching liquid chro
Holm A, Wilson SR, Molander P, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T.
J Sep Sci. 2004 Sep;27(13):1071-9.
Rapid, selective, and sensitive methodology for the quantification of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human plasma using packed capillary liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry has been developed. Plasma proteins were precipitated using acetonitrile and the resulting supernatant was diluted 1+1 with water containing 10 mM ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) prior to injection. Sample volumes of 250 microL were loaded onto a 30 mm x 0.32 mm ID 10 microm Kromasil C18 precolumn by a carrier solution consisting of 10 mM NH4Ac in ACN/H2O (5/95, v/v) at a flow rate of 100 microL/min, providing on-line analyte enrichment and sample clean-up. Backflushed elution onto a 100 mm x 0.32 mm ID 3.5 microm Kromasil C18 analytical column was conducted using an ACN/H2O solvent gradient containing 10 mM NH4Ac. In order to improve the robustness and performance of the method, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHA) was used as internal standard. Separation and detection of PFOA, PFHA, and PFOS were achieved within 10 minutes. Ionization was performed in the negative mode in the m/z range 250-550. The method was validated over the concentration range 1-200 ng/mL for PFOA and over the range 5-200 ng/mL untreated plasma for PFOS, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.997 (PFOA) and 0.996 (PFOS), respectively. The within-assay (n = 6) and between-assay (n = 6) precisions were in the range 2.1-9.2 and 5.6-12%, respectively. The concentration limits of detection (cLOD) of PFOA was 0.5 ng/mL while the cLOD of PFOS was estimated to be 0.2 ng/mL in untreated plasma.
J Sep Sci. 2004 Sep;27(13):1071-9.
Rapid, selective, and sensitive methodology for the quantification of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human plasma using packed capillary liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry has been developed. Plasma proteins were precipitated using acetonitrile and the resulting supernatant was diluted 1+1 with water containing 10 mM ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) prior to injection. Sample volumes of 250 microL were loaded onto a 30 mm x 0.32 mm ID 10 microm Kromasil C18 precolumn by a carrier solution consisting of 10 mM NH4Ac in ACN/H2O (5/95, v/v) at a flow rate of 100 microL/min, providing on-line analyte enrichment and sample clean-up. Backflushed elution onto a 100 mm x 0.32 mm ID 3.5 microm Kromasil C18 analytical column was conducted using an ACN/H2O solvent gradient containing 10 mM NH4Ac. In order to improve the robustness and performance of the method, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHA) was used as internal standard. Separation and detection of PFOA, PFHA, and PFOS were achieved within 10 minutes. Ionization was performed in the negative mode in the m/z range 250-550. The method was validated over the concentration range 1-200 ng/mL for PFOA and over the range 5-200 ng/mL untreated plasma for PFOS, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.997 (PFOA) and 0.996 (PFOS), respectively. The within-assay (n = 6) and between-assay (n = 6) precisions were in the range 2.1-9.2 and 5.6-12%, respectively. The concentration limits of detection (cLOD) of PFOA was 0.5 ng/mL while the cLOD of PFOS was estimated to be 0.2 ng/mL in untreated plasma.
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